I
want to particularly recommend a new book by Matt Ridley,
The Rational
Optimist. The title comes from the fact that Ridley looks at the 50,000
year history of our species and sees clearly that commerce has put
humans on a track to prosperity, excitement and unimaginable benefits.
The
bad first and the three goods.
The bad is that Matt Ridley is
just as poor a writer as I am. If Ridley were a great writer or even a
good writer this book would be recommended by every right thinking
economist, historian and original thinker. If it were exciting to turn
the page, few intelligent people could live without this book. A good
writer knows that pushing too hard doesn't work, that rhetoric is the
structure by which people change their minds and too much sugar with no
lemon is hard to take.
The three goods: (a) Ridley agrees with
nearly everything I have covered in this blog for ten years. (b) Ridley
has several new and important ideas (c) Ridley has done a masterful
job of consolidating numbers and evidence to support the upward
trajectory of commercial history.
(a) Ridley is in love with
commerce, as I am, and he weaves together a history which properly
appreciates that nearly everything positive about human life today is
the result of commerce. He appreciates cities, density, diversity and
technology. He makes the same arguments I do about the vitality of
commercial innovation, the power of specialization that arises from
trade and the revolution in happiness, health and fulfillment of life
that commerce generates.
I love his denigration of science. As I
say often, technology is the handmaiden of our better lives, science
sweeps up the crumbs technology generates and tries to put them
together.
We both see commerce as a Darwinian process of
adaptation, pragmatic solutions and incremental decentralized evolution.
The size of the trading market matters; bigger is better.
(b)
Ridley suggests that it was the early adoption of trade (your sea shells
for my salt) that started the positive human trajectory. He supports
this thesis with vast anthropological, DNA and archaeological evidence
and the footnotes that go with it. Without a large enough trade area,
humans revert to the most primitive level of habitat. Tasmania is his example.
He shows
how commerce created agriculture and not the other way around. He, like
me, appreciates the global explosion of knowledge, skill and technology
that the Phoenicians brought to the world.
I love his way of
talking about the collective brain. He points out that we are all so
specialized that it takes hundreds of different skills just to make a
pencil and none of us could possibly do it from scratch. We are, via
commerce, a collective brain.
Government power and over-reach
usually kills whatever it touches, it doesn't generate innovation except
by accident. There are many problems with patent and copyright law that
need to be corrected.
(c) I would guess that Ridley has 50
metric examples of improvements from commerce. A kilowatt-hour of
electricity cost an hour of work in 1900 and five minutes today.
Rockefeller with his innovations in petroleum products saved the whales
of the world. Vanderbilt reduced rail costs from $1.00 per unit per
mile to $.10 between 1870 and 1900 and reduced rail costs increased food
supplies worldwide multi-fold. The murder rate has dropped from 35 per
100,000 in Christopher Columbus's Spain to 20 per 100,000 in
Shakespeare's London to 4 per 100,000 in the U.S. today.
In
summary, this is the book to have to complement what you read on this
blog. Every chapter makes us challenge his ideas and with reflection to
rethink our own views in a fresh mode.
------------------------------------
*Ridley got a
sentence on credit cards wrong. But he used several sources that are
wrong. I'll explain it in the next blog.
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