Does Commerce use coercion?
The rigorous description of commerce is: commerce is based on freely chosen associations. Commerce is voluntary transactions with no coercion.
My friends commonly have two problems understanding this description of commerce.
First, commerce is perfectly comfortable paying for coerced labor. This is confusing to many people: commerce pays for coercion, but commerce does not operate with coercion.
Commerce has always made use of slavery and has hired chain gangs. Commerce seems comfortable running prisons and hiring armies. Commerce even hires mercenaries who use coercion. So, commerce is not averse to hiring coercion. The description of commerce, to remain coherent, requires that coercion is delivered to the marketplace for sale to consenting buyers. The actors in the world of coercion almost always do offer coerced labor in the marketplace.
Coercion for sale involves middlemen who create the closed shell around which a voluntary transaction can take place. The management of a prison is offered as a contract in the marketplace. An army is offered for sale in the marketplace, you deal with one Army leader. The same is true for a group of mercenaries; you hire the leader who hires the followers.
The case of slavery is a little different; slavery involves a legal system that delivers the slaves to the marketplace. Think of the ‘Dredd Scott’ decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court ordered the U.S. executive branch to return slaves to the slave states they had run away from because the slaves were marketable property in the states they fled.
We have similar domestic and international laws to this day. The laws are called extradition laws. Most states send people charged with a crime back to the state or country they fled or left.
The exceptions are interesting. Canada and France refuse to extradite people who might be subject to the death penalty in the U.S. The Dredd Scott issues have not disappeared. The laws of the state where the captive fled are important. Canada and France, in this case, oppose the laws of the U.S.
The second problem my friends have with the description of commerce is confusion about the notion of coercion. Going to work at the same Sears store for forty-five years is not coercion. Believing you must go to work in order to have a life style that supports your aging parents, your seven children and a car, is not coercion. Many people have trouble understanding this.
Part of the confusion comes from the 0 to 10 range of behavior we live with: from no coercion 0 -- being a ballet dancer for the New York City Ballet Company -- to total coercion 10 -- prison. The ballet dancer may hate the master choreographer and feel compelled to go to work anyway, but that is not coercion. Even if the dancer believes that the NY City Ballet Company is the only one a “great dancer” could belong to, going to work in conditions the dancer hates is not coercion.
There are many forms of behavior in the middle of the 0 to 10 scale that are coercion, but are not seen as coercion. For example, serving on a jury for $5 a day involves coercion. Enlisting in the Marines for a four year tour of duty involves coercion. Violating parole and spending five more years in prison involves coercion. These three examples are part of the everyday experience that leads to confusion about commerce.
Many people are happy to serve on a jury regardless of the pay and many people consider jury service an honorable civic duty. This is confusing. Serving on a jury is compulsory; failing to do so can result in judicially ordered jail time. No boss in an American corporation has the power of an ordinary municipal court judge who can send you to jail on the spot for disobeying her orders. A judge has coercion; a job, a company and a boss do not have coercion.
Marine Corps officers carry a pistol to shoot deserters, which is still coercion even if you voluntarily signed up with the Marine Corps. Corporate bosses only wish they had that form of coercion available in the workplace.
What we have is a civic duty, reporting for jury duty -- like paying taxes, that many people are proud to offer voluntarily. The reality behind the happy volunteering is that these activities are based on underlying coercion. It is easy to confuse voluntary actions and coercion. We’d like to ignore the coercive element of jury duty and the voluntary act of violating parole.
Loving something you do, like serving on a jury, is what confuses people. For the description of commerce in our first paragraph, the issue is not whether you love something, but whether there is coercion behind it. Serving on a jury is coercion because it is backed up by coercion.
The same confusion applies to joining the Marines. This initial act is voluntary, but ten minutes after you sign-up you serve four years without a choice about leaving or quitting. This is a voluntary act followed by a form of coercion that no employer, boss or corporation ever had or has.
The same confusion applies to the sweet young parolee who sells her lover a tab of meth or a joint. She voluntarily offered a sale to a lover … sweet. But once caught, a judge can order her to spend five years back in prison. A voluntary act leads to coercion. It is surprising, but two-thirds of all people released from prison voluntarily go back to prison. All it takes is a voluntary act of parole violation. This is voluntary submission to coercion. It is definitely not part of describing commerce.
The most common example that leads to confusion about commerce and coercion is the classic Company Town. The town owns your house, the local store, the jobs and everything else.
While most company towns in America were built on socialist notions intended to avoid shanty towns and ghettoes, company towns have a bad reputation. One company town that I know well, Crockett California, organized by C&H Sugar Coompany, is much beloved by its residents. In spite of this positive reality and negative literature on the subject, dwellers in company towns were always free to walk away from their jobs, just as the Sears employee can walk away from the job. Having seven children and needy parents is not coercion. It may be onerous to leave, but the forces of inertia are not coercion. The company town is not coercive regardless of the long history of negative literature.
Back to the issue of loving jury duty. Loving an activity does not describe its coercive or non-coercive state.
Many people work hard because of their emotional make-up. My daughter spent years working eighty hour weeks. She is a scientist, working because she loves her lab work. Another friend is a composer who works countless hours to perform her art. Still other friends drive themselves mercilessly at the work they love, technical, intellectual, academic, religious and artistic. Working hard and loving your work does not tell whether the work is coercive or not. In these examples, salary is often involved, but it is not coercion that drives people to work hard.
Many people love being in the Marine Corps and still others choose to live their life in prison. Neither situation keeps the Marine Corps or prison from being coercive once you are in.
The astounding victory of commerce in the current world is that most people work hard and work well even when they don’t love their work. They have been motivated by pay. Commerce has found a variety of human qualities that can be rewarded to produce commercial output.
Commerce is stunningly successful at motivating people and making them productive. About 90 million working Americans are in commerce.
Commerce is in fact the most successful of all motivators. Survey research finds that 60% of salaried workers do their job primarily for the money (or some form of health coverage).
By my calculation that is over 55 million Americans whose work is voluntarily induced by commerce. That compares with:
*less than 40 million who appear to enjoy their salaried commercial work,
*the few million in the arts and sciences who seem to love their work and don’t have salaries and
*the additional few million farmers and self employed who don’t have salaries and may or may not like their work.
The summary of this data is: The majority of American workers are in commerce and they work whether they love their work or not.
Another 20 million Americans are in the non-commercial sector, including prisoners. Most are not in coercive circumstances.
The point is that commerce creates workers at the rate of 4 to 1 over non-commercial work.
Less than 3 million people spend their time in coercive environments, prison, mental institutions and active military. Commerce induces workers to work at about a 30 to 1 ratio over coercion.
Recent Comments